The Influence of Consumerism on 7

The contemporary business condition is getting serious, on account of globalization and mechanical progression. The expanded rivalry is presently compelling associations to embrace amazing methodologies so as to increase upper hand. It is thus that industrialism has picked up notoriety, with business endeavors putting vigorously in advancement of their items so as to impact buying conduct of target markets.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on The Influence of Consumerism on 7-11 Years Children explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the customer showcase is by all accounts the greatest driver of financial improvement in many nations, as it keeps on developing as the economy and populace develop. Along these lines, showcasing turns into a basic capacity in associations, where various associations utilize powerful and manipulative methods and methodologies to persuade or change impression of shoppers to buy their items and administrations (Scho r, 2004). These days, most associations are concentrating on youngsters as a specialty advertise with possibly supportable development and productivity. In spite of the fact that this might be a move the correct way for organizations and society as far as business strengthening, there is a clouded side, particularly corresponding to social and wellbeing prosperity of kids (Palmer, 2010). This paper will fundamentally talk about the impact of industrialism on youngsters matured 7-11 years. In the past ages, guardians directed children’s shopper conduct by buying things (toys, desserts, garments among other youngsters stuff) that they felt their kids required or had the right to have. This was for the most part dependent on need and fondness, however there was no critical impact from outside to do as such. Be that as it may, social changes lately have permitted youngsters to affect their utilization designs, because of ever-expanding commercials and weight from peers (Evans Cha ndler, 2006). Today, numerous associations are promoting their items straightforwardly to kids with the information that youngsters have gotten progressively enabled and their mental resources can undoubtedly be controlled or convinced to like the items offered (Hulbert, 2004). To be sure, every association will focus on a market that would be emphatically receptive to its products. According to Schor (2004), kids are these days being utilized as the course for promoting items to guardians, particularly because of their enthusiastic utilization conduct, brand unwaveringness, and propensity to catch on quickly. For the most part, advertisers center around kids dependent on three key jobs they play as buyers including, controlling a major specialty showcase, affecting family buying conduct and brand devotion. In any case, a few different components have added to expanded industrialism and promoting being coordinated to kids. Kids at 7 years old to 11 have their own buying influence because of pocket cash given to them by their folks; notwithstanding, they don't have intellectual ability to settle on educated choice about needs and needs (Hill, 2011).Advertising Looking for paper on publicizing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More moreover, peer compel will in general be setting in during this age, therefore impacting youngsters to buy things that will cause them to contend with their friends. Additionally, families are attempting to mitigate their kids from dangers of slander and social personality by buying things to their youngsters that will make them socially good with other kids (Hamilton, 2011). In reality, it is important that advanced guardians have undermined their control on children’s buying impact (Herbst, 2005) by yielding effectively to children’s annoying and giving out cash (or things) to them out of blame for not investing enough energy with them because of expert commitment. C ommercialization culture has unfavorable repercussions in youngsters, particularly in their social turn of events. Critically, since youngsters don't have the ability to settle on educated choices, they are helpless against control (Roche, 2009). As of late, ad endeavors by associations have gone a step higher to fragment kids advertise into age bunches so as to catch more consideration. Critically, kids at the age of 7-11 years are starting to distinguish their actual sexual orientation and will in general partner themselves with mainstream society; so they will request items that make them look cool, concerning ads. Here, peer pressure assumes a major job as youngsters attempt to go up against one another as far as ownership and coolness (Lã ¼sted, 2010). For sure, kids build their personality by having a huge assortment of brands (Archer, Hollingworth, and Halsall, 2007). Also, kids can without much of a stretch distinguish the most charming brands and names, and they can capabl y utilize their little buyer information to get these things (Pilcher, 2011). Without a doubt, it turns out to be exceptionally simple for kids to take part in drive buys because of the measure of pocket cash given to them by guardians and their capacity to impact guardians to buy for them. To be sure, Buckingham (2013) claims that youngsters would impact guardians and the general public to acknowledge something because of enthusiastic association that exists among them and the general public would likewise react rapidly if something is unsafe to the kids. The social stage set by the contemporary advertisers is dissolving children’s values as they attempt to characterize their actual self, due to shelling them with such a large number of items, which cause them to accept bliss is found from aggregation of possessions.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Influence of Consumerism on 7-11 Years Children explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ind eed, this is getting improper, as it isn't just meddling with their mental wellbeing, yet in addition their self-improvement and advancement, particularly in light of the fact that they are denied significant instruments, (for example, social, profound and scholarly) to react suitably to various circumstances (Schor, 2004). Commercialization is additionally meddling with the strength of kids; no big surprise there are expanded instances of youngster stoutness and misery (Dittmann, 2004). These days, guardians want to purchase prepared or simple to-prepare food from cheap food shops or retail shops because of absence of time or fatigue to plan sound food as they used to do previously. Significantly, advertisers are exploiting to advance greasy, sweet and quick nourishments to kids with the certainty of tremendous deals, the consequence of which is expanding instances of hefty youngsters because of utilization of these food sources normally showcased as fun and cool (Gorman, 2008). Ad ditionally, instances of medication maltreatment among youngsters have expanded because of the ads circulated during kids appears just as sponsorship of kids shows and occasions by tobacco or liquor organizations (Schor, 2004). The overabundance dependence on toys, particularly play stations and PC games by youngsters is dissolving the social and subjective advancement angle in kids. Dissimilar to in the past where youngsters used to play with their neighbor’s kids, present day kids have their play stations and TV as their closest companions (Piachaud, 2007). In this way, youngsters are concentrating more on their realist assets in cost of family and kinship. In addition, some computer games are preparing kids to be vicious rather than ethically upstanding people, and this may legitimize the ongoing instances of brutality and shooting in schools, particularly in the US. Obviously, instances of mental issue and misery have expanded because of introduction to commercials that h ave unfriendly mental impact on youngsters. Insurance of this group of people yet to come is of central significance, and it ought to be a deliberate exertion by all partners. Principally, there should be guidelines on notices so as to keep youngsters from presentation to abundance material that may adjust their self-observations or conduct. Surely, guidelines have worked in a few nations that have constrained or disposed of advertisements during children’s programming and occasions, including Greece, Norway, Italy, and Austria among others (Hawkes, 2004, p.19). Another cure lies with the guardians who must sustain their youngsters to be ethically upstanding individuals. Guardians should prepare their youngsters about cash the board and customer conduct, just as control the sum they provide for kids as pocket money.Advertising Searching for article on promoting? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More They should realize that offspring of this age have some information about what cash is, they would will in general impersonate their parents’ ways of managing money (Pfund, 2011), and they are powerless against peer pressure; thusly, direction is significant. Guardians would likewise be in a superior situation to control their children’s introduction to hurtful notices that impact their utilization practices (Palmer Young, 2003). At last, the general public assumes a major job in shielding its individuals from hurtful impacts. Basically, youngsters need a spotless and safe condition to develop and grow, consequently any notices that will in general be manipulative or coordinated to kids must be completely directed. As observed above, companies target youngsters since they employ a ton of intensity in affecting utilization in families and they will in general be supportable objective market because of their image devotion. In any case, they become casualties to social i nadequacy, way of life ailments, and mental issue. Hence, all partners ought to join together and make a climate that represses commercialization from wrecking these honest customers. References Archer, L., Hollingworth, S., Halsall, A. (2007). University’s not for me †I’m a Nike individual: urban, average workers youthful peop

Building an Art Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Building an Art Museum - Essay Example Or then again on the off chance that we attempt to get effective in making some stylish and imaginative articles, condition, and climate that the individuals respect and acknowledge, we consider it a craft of accomplishing something. Workmanship means to accomplish something or perform something which should be possible by some other individual like resting, drinking, eating or going for an activity. These are the demonstrations which don't include mental exceptionality and accordingly can never be named as a craftsmanship. Workmanship intends to accomplish something extraordinarily. â€Å"With the most crude methods the craftsman makes something which the most shrewd and proficient innovation will always be unable to create† (Malevich K.). On the off chance that we proceed to reproduce nature or authenticity in setting of our own decisions and discoveries, we will play out a workmanship dependent on our reasoning. The fundamental point and plan of every single craftsman is to portray nature, get various movements of life, and catch certain realities of nature and to decipher those realities by methods for works of art, models and drawings. Each craftsman has his own thoughts and the perspectives to see various parts of nature. The craft of interpreting them in artworks and different models is the thing that we call expressive arts. Presently, on the off chance that I talk about my way of thinking of craftsmanship, I would state that workmanship is a formation of thoughts identified with various parts of life as indicated by our own reasoning and decisions. In the event that we need to accomplish something which at first appears to be troublesome, at that point the procedure we use to balance out its trouble level and afterward to accomplish the ideal outcomes on premise of our imaginative capacities, this is a specialty of accomplishing something astoundingly. Craftsmanship doesn’t have any limits or cutoff points. It isn't limited to nations, mainlands or sexes. Any individual in this world who wants to make something or enhance something as indicated by his own capacity, ability and bent level, and he effectively accomplishes his intention, he is a craftsman. In my view, a craftsmanship is to cause different people to trust in what we make or

Evolution of Historiography in Greek Civilization Essay

Historiography is the investigation of how individuals transmit and get information after some time. It is a subject that can clarify how people’s culture, informal organizations, economy and political ways have developed after some time. It basically shows individuals where they have originated from to accomplish what is known as advancement. There are numerous individuals who have taken in the various narratives of various societies. In the paper, it is apparent that there is a historiography on Greek human progress. This implies it will take a gander at how antiquated Greek used to be and how it is correct now in this period of innovation. It is apparent that Greek has added to such a great amount of particularly in dialects everywhere throughout the world therefore its history can undoubtedly be examined. A significant number of its compositions have been utilized are as yet being utilized to date yet the truth of the matter is that it has changed so as to adapt to the evolving scene (Ernst, section 1-6). The investigation of Greek historiography incorporates taking a gander at the Ancient Greek whereby it is the time from Greek history to the Greek’s Dark Ages including when the Romans vanquished it. Greek is typically considered as the incitement of Western Civilization establishment in view of its ground-breaking society. The Greek’s ground-breaking society is moved from the Roman Empire to various pieces of Europe. The principle issue is that Greek human progress has had a significant impact in a wide range of dialects particularly in the European nations. A large portion of the words utilized by the various dialects have originated from the Greek words and images. All the more in this way, Greek isn't just known for its impact in language just yet additionally theory, instruction, workmanship and political frameworks (Rodger, pp. 51). Numerous philosophical speculations have Greek starting point and the utilization the Greek names. America and Europe embraced these terms and utilized them in their investigations. To date most logical names have Greek inception. Mycenaean development reached a conclusion in 1150BC and there isn't such a great amount of history about it the same number of students of history study antiquated Greek from the Olympic Games in 776BC. Progress in Greek is said to have started after the demise of Alexander the Great which was in 323 BC. Since the investigation of the Ancient Greek has stirred up history, it has been isolated in to four sections; Greek Dark ages, age-old period, traditional period and Hellenistic period. The Dark Ages time frame is said to have started on 1100 to750 BC which saw the coming up of geometrical plans which were accomplished on ceramics work. The age-old period endured between 750 to 480BC where specialists were portrayed by making figures that had one of a kind and hardened stances. The old style time frame was commendable for example it had the Parthenon. In conclusion, the Hellenistic time frame which started on 323Bc and finished on 146 BC was described by the picking up of intensity and extension of the Greek culture. This was when Alexander the incredible kicked the bucket and the roman triumph reached a conclusion. The way of life and society of the Hellenistic occasions didn't experience any progressions until the time Christianity began to administer (Ernst, part 1-6). The standard of Alexander the incredible brought added to the extension of Greek domains. This required a political structure that continued changing with the various periods of Greek human advancement. Greece had a lot of free urban areas and they were not isolate clamor terms of clans and realms like different social orders. The individuals realized that they were one and there was no compelling reason to harp on ancestral issues. This is on the grounds that every one of them had a similar language, religion and culture along these lines bound together them. It ought to be noticed that in spite of the acknowledgment of them being one they knew about the various clans and starting points where various individuals originated from however this didn't isolate them by any means. This is seen when various clans in Greece bring together to battle against the individuals who attacked Persia. Furthermore, the diverse city states were administered in an unexpected way. Individuals set up various capacities for their rulers particularly during the Greek Dark Ages. This changed during the bygone time frame when various urban areas rehearsed theocracies. The overseeing of a city presently became innate whereby administration was given to the child of the ruler. Because of the issues achieved by oppression like securing individuals of similar societies in this way bringing social distress, Greece was the first to raise the idea of popular government on the planet (David, pp. 120-126). Residents sought a get together whereby they could pick who was to run the workplace and who was not to be in the workplace. The issue was that the needy individuals couldn't talk in the gatherings and even pursue position. Later the majority rule government levels expanded prompting the recompense of destitute individuals to stand up their perspectives and the capacity for them to run the workplace. Athens was the primary city to rehearse full majority rule government prompting different urban areas replicating its methodology (Anne, pp. 38-40). In antiquated Greece, there was not at all like extraordinary benefits. On the off chance that one was not local conceived in Greece they were not secured by the laws of any city state in Greece. The general public was separated in to social classes by the measure of riches one had. The main way one could climb the social stepping stool was on the off chance that they raked in some serious cash. Slaves were likewise found in Greece however they didn't have any control over any one in Greece. They should follow requests and they were not permitted to claim any sort of property not just vote based rights. Little fellows were permitted to begin school at seven years old years. They learnt various things like science, workmanship, music, etc when they were more established. At eighteen years old years tutoring needed to reach a conclusion and one would now turn into a valuable individual from the general public by turning out to be a piece of the military through extraordinary preparing (Leonora, pp. 128-130). Reference Anne P. , 2004. The Greek Civilization; Ancient Greece, distributed by DK distributers. Pp. 38-40. David S. , 2004. Change of the way of life; Ancient Greek Civilization, distributed by Blackwell. Pp. 120-126. Ernst Breisach, 2007. Historiography Ancient, Medieval and Modern; distributed by the University of Chicago press. Parts 1 to 6. Leonora N. , 2004. Social, political and culture of Greece; Temper of Greek Civilization, distributed by Brown University. Pp. 128-130. Rodger D. W. , 2008. The Greek vernacular, the antiquated European dialects: Published by the Cambridge University press. Pp. 51.

Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples Guide

Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples Guide The Upside to Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples So while some proponents argue 16 year olds ought to be enfranchised not since they are independent, others argue they ought to be enfranchised since they aren't! At Democratic Audit, we feel that enfranchising 16 and 17 year olds is the best thing to do. At age sixteen, it's only two decades away from eighteen, and that's not a really big of a difference. Because of this the voting age shouldn't be lowered to 16 so long as the huge majority of 16 year olds have not completed basic law, government, and financial courses. The Benefits of Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples Some individuals even advise that the age should be raised. Many children for instance would argue they would like less homework, because it's a hassle. Adults are permitted to punish minors exactly like adults can punish diffe rent adults. Many adults might say that if you are sixteen, many things are happening in your life, and that means you could be too preoccupied to be concerned about politics. Folks that are permitted to drive and ready to be summoned to court should have the ability to vote. The more young people registered, the more the parties must actually awaken and listen to the demands and demands of young individuals. Under 18s can enlist in the united kingdom armed forces but again require parental permission to achieve that. Beside the fundamental need, government not responsive for different individuals. Mandatory voting forces people to visit vote, but some folks just do not care about politics. I believe this is a fantastic thing. In reality, they'd most likely be worse. The truth is it gets very complicated. The newspaper is a critical source that numerous folks use to stay informed about government and politics especially in time of elections. He mentions the notion of the newspaper. At the moment, only people over eighteen are permitted to vote, this is something which each Canadian citizen should know. Getting the general public into the practice of voting is clearly an important part of a solution if we want to raise the numbers of those who take part in elections. In the present political environment, reform advocates should focus their energies particularly on local measures that will boost voter participationas that's where they will probably succeed. She believes her assortment of signatures brings awareness to issues which are important to young men and women, like the environment and education. Compulsory system of voting can address the issue of political legitimacy. Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples Help! It appears only right they sho uld have some type of input into it, he added. Likewise, her usage of inclusive language, we're currently powerless' enables Young to convey the message they aren't alone but that there are lots of other young people around who too are without the ability to vote. The urge for enfranchisement is simple to comprehend. There are lots of factors that give rise to the excuses that citizens make as to why they cannot vote. There are essentially two forms of government, Democracy and Dictatorship. Youth and politics won't ever mix. Also, there are lots of men and women that are not interested in politics, or in some specific elections, especially elections to European Parliament. When they are forced to vote, some of them start to feel responsible for results of elections. The larger turnout rates in countries with CV may not be necessarily great. Additionally, age is only a number. This age is a suitable age to vote as they have fully matured and also developed political discu ssions and duties. Nevertheless, the voting age ought to be lowered. Location of voting centers may also be problematic for citizens which are too far away from them, particularly for the disabled and sick. To do so, they can find out more about the candidates and about voting. Voting is something citizens ought to be proud of doing. Voting is a realistic choice a voter resolves to exercise when it's in their very best interest to achieve that. Ok, I Think I Understand Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About Should the Us Government Lower the Voting Age to 16 Essay Samples! Conclusion There are not any issues that the electoral procedure is an incredibly important purpose of democratic culture. Admittedly, I desire to present on the subject of leadership and ethics. They definitely have knowledge on the matter, and they definitely understand what they're speaking about. It doesn't imply that every citizen takes the law into the ir own hands, but instead that everyone has the responsibility to actively take part in society.

Synthesis of Aspirin Lab Report - 2989 Words

Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin. In this experiment aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. In the reaction the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring in salicylic acid reacted with acetic anhydride to form an ester functional group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present in the solution as well as some sulfuric acid, aspirin, and acetic acid. Crystallization, which uses the principle of†¦show more content†¦Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its cur ative effects. In this experiment aspirin was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid was esterfied using acetic acid and sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst to produce acetylsalicylic acid and acetic acid. The phenol group that will attack the carbonyl carbon of the acetic anhydride is the –OH group that is directly attached to the benzene since it is more basic than the –OH group attached to the carbonyl group. This method of forming acetylsalicylic acid is an esterification reaction. Since this esterification reaction is not spontaneous, sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Sulfuric acid serves as the acid catalyst since its conjugate base is a strong deprotonating group that is necessary in order for this reaction to be reversible. The need for the strong conjugate base is the reason why other strong acids such as HCl is not used since its conjugate base Cl- is very weak compared to HSO3-. After the reaction was complete some unreacted acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was still be present inShow MoreRelatedS ynthesis Of Aspirin Lab Report1101 Words   |  5 PagesExperiment 19: Synthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen The purpose of this experiment was to employ techniques to synthesize aspirin and oil of wintergreen and to purify crude aspirin via recrystallization. Additionally, techniques were learned to determine the purity of the synthesized organic molecule of acetylsalicylic acid using a back-titration method. 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Why Do You Believe Inhibit Your Learning Process - 932 Words

1. Consider all the thinking traps people tend to use. Which ones do you encounter most in your own thinking? Which do you believe inhibit your learning process? One thinking trap I deal with, and try to be mindful of, is that I tend to be too quick in deciding. I look at the facts that are available and make a quick decision in order to move on to the next task. A trap that inhibits my learning process is being a victim of personal habits and prejudices. I have my mind set very firm of a lot of things, this affects me when trying to learn new things (as well as try new things). 2. Compare and contrast command, consultative and consensual decisions. Which do you prefer? A command decision is when managers make on their own, with little or no input from others. In a consultative decision managers use input and opinions from others but make the final decision. Lastly, a consensus decision is made democratically by a group, it is a joint decision. 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On the other hand, let’s also take a male student from lower middle class with no interest in sports and a minimal learning disability. As professionals to often when reading about these classic cases, who have the best of intentions set out before them easily put a plan in place in order to help that student prosper. Unfortunately, how the plan plays out is not what

Reflexology Essay Example For Students

Reflexology Essay The origins of Reflexology evidently reach back to ancient Egypt as evidenced by inscriptions found in the physicians tomb at Saqqara in Egypt. The translation of the hieroglyphics are as follows: Dont hurt me. The practitioners reply:- I shall act so you praise me. We cannot determine the exact relationship between the ancient art as practiced by the early Egyptians and Reflexology as we know it today. Different forms of working the feet to effect health have been used all over the ancient world. Dr. Riley maintained that this form of healing spread from Egypt via the Roman Empire. The Zone Theory was the precursor to modern Reflexology which began with Dr. William H. Fitzgerald, M.D. whom Dr. Edwin Bowers, M.D., encouraged to publish the many articles he had written on the subject of Zone Analgesia. In the forward to their combined book, Relieving Pain At Home published in, 1917, he wrote, Humanity is awakening to the fact that sickness, in a large percentage of cases, is an error of body and mind. How true this has proved to be. Dr. Fitzgerald, was an Ear, Nose and Throat specialist working at the Boston City Hospital, as well as at St Francis Hospital in Connecticut. He called his work Zone Analgesia where pressure was applied to the corresponding bony eminence or to the zones corresponding to the location of the injury. He also used pressure points on the tongue, palate and the back of the pharynx wall in order to achieve the desired result of pain relief or analgesia. He made use of the following tools: elastic bands, clothes pegs and aluminum combs, on the hands, surgical clamps for the tongue, nasal probes and a regular palpebral retractor for the pharynx, He was responsible for formulating the first chart on the longitudinal zones of the body. Dr. Fitzgerald discovered a very interesting fact, that the application of pressure on the zones not only relieved pain but in the majority of cases also relieved the underlying cause as well. The same result is experienced through Reflexology today, which is based partially on the Zone Theory. Dr. Shelby Riley, M.D. worked closely with Dr. Fitzgerald and developed the Zone Theory further. It seems that he added horizontal zones across the hands and feet, together with the longitudinal zones and thus determining individual reflexes according to the Zone Theory. He, like Fitzgerald, espoused continual pressure on the reflex or point of contact. Eunice D. Ingham, a Physical Therapist, worked closely with Dr. Riley and was fascinated by the concept of Zone Therapy and started developing her foot reflex theory in the early 1930s. She had the opportunity to treat hundreds of patients where each reflex point of contact had been carefully and thoughtfully checked and rechecked until with all confidence she was able to determine that the reflexes on the feet were an exact mirror image of the organs of the body. Dr. Riley encouraged her to write her first book entitled Stories The Feet Can Tell where she documented her cases and carefully mapped out the reflexes on the feet as we know them today. This book was published in 1938 and was later translated into seven foreign languages which spread the benefits of Reflexology way beyond the borders of the States. The confusion between Reflexology and Zone Therapy started at this point because the foreign publisher changed the name of Eunices book, The Stories The Feet Can Tell to Zone T herapy and in some parts of the world it is still thought of as Zone Therapy. However, there is a distinct difference between the two therapies. Zone Therapy relies solely on the zones to determine the area to be worked, whereas Reflexology takes the zones as well as the anatomical model to determine the area or areas to be worked. After the publication of her book Eunice Ingham found herself on the program at many health seminars. She traveled around the country giving book reviews. Only sick and dilapidated people attended these book reviews/ seminars where she would teach people by working on them and discuss their particular health problems. As these sick people, whom everyone else had given up on, got better the word

All About the Great Lakes of North America

All About the Great Lakes of North America Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, form the Great Lakes, straddling the United States and Canada to make up the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Collectively they contain 5,439 cubic miles of water (22,670 cubic km), or about 20% of all the earth’s fresh water, and cover an area of 94,250 square miles (244,106 square km). Several other minor lakes and rivers are also included in the Great Lakes region including the Niagra River, Detroit River, St. Lawrence River, St. Marys River, and the Georgian Bay. There are 35,000 islands estimated to be located on the Great Lakes, created by millenia of glacial activity. Interestingly, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the Straits of Mackinac, and can be technically considered a single lake. The Formation of the Great Lakes The Great Lakes Basin (the Great Lakes and the surrounding area) began to form about two billion years ago – almost two-thirds the age of the earth. During this period, major volcanic activity and geologic stresses formed the mountain systems of North America, and after significant erosion, several depressions in the ground were carved. Some two billion years later the surrounding seas continuously flooded the area, further eroding the landscape and leaving a lot of water behind as they went away. More recently, about two million years ago, it was glaciers that advanced over and back across the land. The glaciers were upwards of 6,500 feet thick and further depressed the Great Lakes Basin. When the glaciers finally retreated and melted approximately 15,000 years ago, massive quantities of water were left behind. It is these glacier waters that form the Great Lakes today. Many glacial features are still visible on the Great Lakes Basin today in the form of glacial drift, groups of sand, silt, clay and other unorganized debris deposited by a glacier. Moraines, till plains, drumlins, and eskers are some of the most common features that remain. The Industrial Great Lakes The shorelines of the Great Lakes stretch a little over 10,000 miles (16,000 km), touching eight states in the U.S. and Ontario in Canada, and make an excellent site for the transportation of goods. It was the primary route used by early explorers of North America  and was a major reason for the great industrial growth of the Midwest throughout the 19th and 20th century. Today, 200 million tons a year are transported using this waterway. Major cargoes include iron ore (and other mine products), iron and steel, agriculture, and manufactured goods. The Great Lakes Basin also is home to 25%, and 7% of Canadian and U.S. agricultural production, respectively. Cargo ships are aided by the system of canals and locks built on and between the lakes and rivers of the Great Lakes Basin. The two major sets of locks and canals are: 1) The Great Lakes Seaway, consisting of the Welland Canal and the Soo Locks, allowing ships to pass by the Niagra Falls and the rapids of the St. Marys River. 2) The St. Lawrence Seaway, extending from Montreal to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Altogether this transportation network makes it possible for ships to travel a total distance of 2,340 miles (2765 km), all the way from Duluth, Minnesota to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In order to avoid collisions when traveling on the rivers connecting the Great Lakes, ships travel upbound (west) and downbound (east) in shipping lanes. There are around 65 ports located on Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway system. 15 are international and include: Burns Harbor at Portage, Detroit, Duluth-Superior, Hamilton, Lorain, Milwaukee, Montreal, Ogdensburg, Oswego, Quebec, Sept-Iles, Thunder Bay, Toledo, Toronto, Valleyfield, and Port Windsor. Great Lakes Recreation About 70 million people visit these the Great Lakes every year to enjoy their water and beaches. Sandstone cliffs, high dunes, extensive trails, campgrounds, and diverse wildlife are just some of the many attractions of the Great Lakes. It is estimated that $15 billion is spent every year on leisure activities every year. Sport fishing is a very common activity, partly because of the Great Lakes size, and also because the lakes are stocked year after year. Some of the fish include bass, bluegill, crappie, perch, pike, trout, and walleye. Some non-native species such as salmon and hybrid breeds have been introduced but have generally not succeeded. Chartered fishing tours are a major part of the Great Lakes tourism industry. Spas and clinics are popular tourist attractions also, and couple well with some of the serene waters of the Great Lakes. Pleasure-boating is another common activity and is more successful than ever as more and more canals are built to connect the lakes and surrounding rivers. Great Lakes Pollution and Invasive Species Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the quality of water of the Great Lakes. Industrial waste and sewage were the primary culprits, specifically phosphorus, fertilizer, and toxic chemicals. In order to control this issue, the governments of Canada and the United States joined to sign the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement in 1972. Such measures have drastically improved the quality of water, though pollution still finds its way into the waters, primarily through agricultural runoff. Another major concern in the Great Lakes is non-native invasive species. An unanticipated introduction of such species can drastically alter evolved food chains and destroy local ecosystems. The end result of this is a loss of  biodiversity. Well known invasive species include the zebra mussel, Pacific salmon, carp, lamprey, and alewife.

Cro- Magnons

entrances, while others built huts in forested areas. As better hunting methods developed, Cro-Magnons built more permanent homes. Long houses holding many families were made of stone blocks. There is archaeological evidence that communities of 30 to 100 people lived together. To their technological advances, the Cro- Magnons added accomplished artistry. They creat- ed cave paintings like those found at Lascaux (la .sKOH) and Vallon-Pont-d' Arc (vah. YOHN pohn DAHRK), both in France, as well as those at numerous other cave sites in Spain and Africa. Researchers so far can only speculate on the pur- pose behind the mysterious wall images. Perhaps the hunting scenes were educational, designed to teach young hunters how to recognize prey. On the other hand, the Cro-Magnon painters may have been reaching out to the spiritual world, creating images meant to have mystical powers that would help the hunters. Archaeologists have discovered some Cro- Magnon figures sculpted from clay or carved from reindeer antlers. They have also found figures of ivory and bone decorated with animal drawings and abstract designs. Some of these artifacts may well have been used in magic rituals and probably reflect Cro-Magnon beliefs about spirits thought to live in animals, plants, the earth, and the sky. During the Neolithic period and immediately after, humanity made one of its greatest cultural advances. New environments had developed with the end of the last Ice Age, and forests and grass- lands appeared in many areas. Over some 5,000 years, people gradually shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing food. Because new agri- cultural methods led to tremendous changes in peoples' lifestyles, this period is usually called the Neolithic Revolution.

European Sovereign-debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Sovereign-debt Crisis - Research Paper Example Attempts by international monetary fund (IMF) to avail 750 billion Euros to financially support countries with high debt situation did not mitigate the situation. The paper will, therefore, explore on the causes and evolution of the debt crisis, its impact on the US market, and some interventions undertaken by the US to mitigate the impact. Causes of the Crisis Many factors can be attributed to the crisis that has seen the credit ratings of countries decline and caused shock in the global financial markets. The European Union has been accused of failing to take timely actions and of lingering until the situation ran out of hand. The crisis resulted from a mixture of several complex factors like the globalization of finance, international imbalances in trade, housing bubbles, ease credit conditions between 2002 and 2008 that resulted into high risk lending, and the slow economic growth in the year 2008 (Frangakis, 2006). The factors are elaborated below. a) Increased debt level EU mem bers signed a Maastricht treaty in 1992 where members promised to limit their deficit spending and debt amounts. However, the member countries like Greece and Italy failed to adhere to the agreements of the treaty and instead used complex currency and credit derivatives to increase their debt levels. From the data, the debt levels rose because of the large bailout given to financial sector in the late 2000s and the 2008 economic recession. In 2007, the percentage of fiscal deficit was 0.6 before it rose to 7% during the crisis (Frangakis, 2006). The government debt simultaneously rose to 84% from 66% of the GDP. The crisis can thus be attributed to the inappropriate fiscal policy choices and the actions by the governments to bail out troubled banks. The variations in how different countries used borrowed funds resulted in different effects. Ireland banks, for example, increased their lending to property developers, which later led to the housing bubble. Greece, on the other hand, in creased its pledge to the government workers of salary increment and pension rise. These actions increased the government level of debt, which later made it difficult for the states to meet their obligations as they became due. b) Trade imbalances The crisis grew because of the increasing trade imbalances. An increase in the amounts of trade deficits increases the levels of debt hence increasing the debt crisis. Before the commencement of the debt crisis, the trade deficit of Italy, France, and Greece increased, while that of Germany recorded trade surplus. However, Greece position has improved because of the decline in the imports and increment for exports. c) Loss of confidence Immediately after the crisis developed, it became clear that the bonds of weaker economies like Greece were risky. Because of this loss of confidence, sovereign CDS prices rose to match the market expectation of the increased debt. Investors also doubted the ability of the countries to contain the crisis be cause EU countries have few monetary policy choices. d) Monetary Policy Inflexibility Monetary policy inflexibility of all member states of EU established a common monetary policy and used one currency. Countries were, therefore, unable to print money in order to devalue their currency to stimulate exports and reduce the debt level through trade surpluses. Greece and other member states, therefore, lacked

Human Resource Development-Coaching and Performance Management Research Paper - 1

Human Resource Development-Coaching and Performance Management - Research Paper Example In workplaces coaching has began to move from being the latest management fad to a mainstream component of talent management and organization development. The growing popularity of coaching as a method of human and organizational change carries with it an enormous opportunity and challenge for those who deliver coaching training and services. One of the principle challenges of coaching is ‘professionalization’. Continued customer demands, increased consumer sophistication, and nature of work create pressure for coaching to move from being an industry to a profession. In the service sector, branding, competition, proprietary product and models are the order of the day. The three most important challenges that coaching faces in moving towards a professional footing are- Evidence based approach to coaching means producing evidence that any specific intervention is effective, or being able to demonstrate the return on investment. It also refers to the intelligent and conscientious use of the ‘best current knowledge’ for decision making and delivering coaching to clients and designing and teaching coach training programs. The best current knowledge from the above line refers to the updated information from relevant, valid research, practice and theory (Gravells, 2006, P.3) Behavioural science is the fundamental for the development of the evidence based coaching because the research skills of the practitioners are essential for evaluating the effectiveness of the coaching methodologies. According to an article by Stephen J Dorgan and John Dowdy governments around the world have been committed to raising the productivity for improving the economic performance. In a research by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) it has been demonstrated yhat for the past three decades productivity at the sector level is driven by the degree to which these companies are exposed to competition. The main argument that has been

Explain why some creationists do not believe in the big bang theory Essay Example for Free

Explain why some creationists do not believe in the big bang theory Essay Creationism is commonly recognised as a religion that does not regard the big bang theory or evolution to be true. Creationists are a group of, often evangelical Christians, who have a literal belief in the creation stories of the bible; it teaches that everything in the universes ultimate cause is God. Although it is important to note that there is not just one type of creationist and not just one single belief that is creationism. There are many varieties including progressive creationists, who make a link with bible accounts and the big bang theory, and day age creationists who believe in the Genesis account of creation however state that each of the 6 days of creation in the bible was actually a period of millions of years. Although progressive creationists make a link between the big band and god, most creationists would reject this view. Dr Russel Humphreys, a young earth creationist, believes â€Å"the order is all wrong as well as the timescales.† When it comes to matching bible creation accounts with the big bang. For example, Genesis chapter 1 states that the universe starts with darkness however the big bang theory explains the universe starts with light. Creationists also find a problem with the big bang theory because it states that the whole universe began with a singularity, and creationists claim that scientists can’t determine where this came from, therefore proving a major flaw in the theory. Another growing belief of creationists is that the universe is only between 6000-10000 years old, and was created by God. On the ground of this belief the big bang theory is not a logical possibility. This particular theory was devised by Philip Gosse and is known as the Omplalos argument. Gosse used the Julian calendar to work backwards, and this lead him to conclude that the universe began on October 23rf 4004BC, and was created by God in 6 days. He stated that although there is evidence such as fossils to suggest that the world is older, these and other things were just made by God, and the universe was created with an apparent history that isn’t actually true. Consequently any discoveries that scientists make that go beyo nd the date of 4004BC are wrong and can’t be used as evidence for the creation of the universe. Aside from theories that provide a new explanation of how the universe began, some creationists simply believe that the big bang theory cannot be correct as it goes against their views of a benevolent, omnipotent God. They believe that the big bang theory does not reflect a God that is powerful enough to create the universe itself because  the scientific view does not accept a view that God could have created the Big Bang. It’s also argued that the big bang could not have created such a perfect world and the universes design must be down to an intelligent designer that is God. Dr Robert Matthews, a researcher at the institute for creation research, says â€Å"why for instance is our universe and its laws just right for the existence of life? Some argue that it’s because it was specially made for us by a benevolent creator.† This belief is one that belong to the denomination of creationism called Neo-creationism. The majority of creationists do not believe in the big bang theory, as the Holy Scriptures are believed to be the word of God, and are interpreted literally. The fact that creationists interpret the creation stories literally means that the book of Genesis provides the only explanation of the creation of the universe that could be true. As a result of this belief, creationists attempt to prove this b focusing research into finding scientific proof for the stories of Genesis, such as finding evidence for Noah’s flood.

Tybalts Character in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Although admirable qualities add to one's life, they can often lead to their death. One such example of this occurs in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet where we are introduced to Tybalt, a fiery and prideful young relative of the Capulet family. In the play, In the play, Tybalt plays a prominent role in both the thematic scheme and in the ultimate outcome. Tybalt is the instigator of a chain of reactions which change the course of this tragedy, sending it into a headlong collision with fate. Tybalt?s uncontrollable vengeance, skill as a fighter and sense of Capulet pride are admirable in their own ways, but lead Tybalt to his eventual death at the hands of Romeo. Tybalt seems to be recognized even by his own family as a hothead. Up until his death in Act III, he is constantly quarreling and never hesitates to draw a weapon in the face of a foe. Are anger management classes a spoof? If there were not a real problem with anger, they would not exist. Let us just say that Tybalt never was able to complete his anger management classes, because it is evident he has trouble controlling his anger. Tybalt is first introduced at the Capulet party that Romeo has decided to attend without an invitation. When Tybalt first spots Romeo at his family's party, he immediately races to Lord Capulet, who tries to calm Tybalt. Tybalt turns and addresses Lord Capulet: ?But this intrusion shall, now seeming sweet, convert to bitter gall.?(I, V, 92-93) Through this Tybalt cools down for the time being, but he certainly demands revenge again from Romeo. Tybalt's characterization in the play occurs by a direct means and it remains static throughout the duration of the play. His rude, hateful, and bitter character is made clear by his eloquent words and actions. I feel that some of the characters best development occurs when he isn?t even involved in the scene. In Act II, Scene IV, Mercutio and Benvolio develop characteristics of his fighting methods and skill as well as his French styled mannerisms in a mocking way. The method of this development could also have occurred because of the audience that Shakespeare was attempting to entertain, an anti-French group. Thus Tybalt would be both a hated villain in a fictitious play, but also a hero in some people?s eyes. In the end, although Tybalt is proud and fiery, I do sympathize with him.

Balloon Angioplasty Essay

Introduction: Angioplasty is a technique that broadens a narrow or congested blood vessel using a inflatable catheter. It is used to treat atherosclerosis (blood vessel impediments), and regularly made by an interventional cardiologist, a medical doctor with distinctive training in the handling of the heart, using invasive catheter-based measures. Angioplasty is frequently achieved as a minimally-invasive technique, where a stent is implanted into the blood vessel to preserve it open. A conceivable substitute to heart surgery, it has dependably been shown to diminution indications due to coronary artery disease and decrease cardiac ischemia. Procedure: 1. An introducer pointer is entrenched into the femoral artery in the leg. 2. A sheath introducer is placed in the opening to preserve the artery uncluttered and controller hemorrhage. 3. A controller drain is then strapped through the sheath introducer. Colorants can be inoculated through the guide catheter into the coronary artery to pinpoint and study the polluted artery using x-ray. 4. After reviewing the x-ray image, the cardiologist chooses the type of balloon catheter and plastic coronary guide wire that will be used. 5. The elastic coronary guide rope with radiopaque plastic tip is then introduced into the supervisory catheter and into the coronary artery. 6. Watching through x-ray imaging display, the cardiologist directors the flexible coronary guide wire through the coronary artery to the site of the obstruction. 7. When the stretchy guide wire reaches the obstruction, it is then strapped across the obstacle. 8. A hollow-tipped balloon catheter is then interleaved, using t he plastic guide wire as a conduit to the site of the impasse. At this point, the balloon is still collapsed. 9. After the balloon catheter spreads and is strapped inside the obstruction, the balloon is then exaggerated. Inflating the balloon increases the area about it and bandages the plaque accumulation (blockage). The exaggerated balloon also enlarges the artery wall. 10. A stent (wire mesh tube) occasionally is surrounded to keep the artery wall prolonged. The stent originally is implanted along with the balloon catheter, increases when the balloon is magnified, and left behind in the lengthened position as the balloon catheter is detached. For certain  people, heart disease cure can be accomplished without operation. Angioplasty is a non-surgical technique that can be used to open congested heart arteries. Stent appointment is another option that can be done throughout angioplasty. 11. The technique is achieved in the cardiac catheterization workroom by a dedicated cardiologist and a squad of cardiovascular nurses and specialists. Cardiac catheterization is achieved as part of angioplasty. Next, a sheath is implanted into an artery — regularly in your groin, but occasionally in the arm. A long, thin, hollow tube, called a catheter, is accepted through the cover and directed up the blood vessel to the arteries nearby the heart. A minor quantity of difference material is injected through the catheter and is cracked with an X-ray as it changes through the heart’s hollows, valves, and chief containers. From the cardinal movies of the difference material, the clinicians can tell whether the coronary veins are narrowing and whether the heart valves are active properly. There are abundant sorts of interventional procedures as below: Balloon angioplasty: During this process, a specially intended catheter with a small balloon tip is directed to the point of contraction in the artery. Stent:   A stent is a tiny metal mesh tube that acts as a scaffold to deliver support privileged your coronary artery. A balloon catheter, positioned over a guide wire, is used to supplement the stent into the lessened coronary artery. Once in dwelling, the balloon tip is exaggerated and the stent enlarges to the size of the artery and grips it open. The balloon is then collapsed and detached while the stent stays in dwelling enduringly. Over a several-week dated, your artery heals around the stent. Stents are usually placed during interventional events such as angioplasty to help retain the coronary artery exposed. Some stents comprise medication and are intended to decrease the risk of obstruction (restenosis). Atherectomy: The catheter used in this technique has a hollow chamber on the tip with an open space on one adjacent and a balloon on the other. When the catheter is introduced into the pointed artery, the balloon is exaggerated, assertive the window in contradiction of the fatty material. An edge within the cylinder alternates and shears off any fat that projected into the window.  The shavings are caught in a hollow within the catheter and detached. This procedure is recurrent as wanted to permit for better blood flow. Cutting Balloon: The cutting inflatable catheter has a singular balloon tip with small blades. When the inflatable is inflated, the razorblades are triggered. The small edges score the panel, and then the balloon wrappings the fatty material into the artery wall. Mechanics of Balloon Fabrication Angioplasty balloons, such as those described above, are fabricated by first designing a tube that is extruded in certain dimensions. This tube is then crystallized so that only a small length is left amorphous, and then the tube is free-blown into a balloon in a machine designed for that purpose. Lastly, the balloon is heat-set. All of these processes are carefully controlled in order to achieve a balloon that meets the necessary standards.

Research Paper on Global Positioning System

Research Paper on Global Positioning System Abstract Irrespective of time, location, and whether, Global Position System provides unparalleled range of services to commercial military and consumer applications. Majority of these services enables airborne, land, and sea users to know their exact velocity, location, and time whenever and wherever on Earth. The development and capabilities of the GPS technology have rendered obsolete and impractical, other traditional positioning and well-known navigation systems and technologies such as magnetic compasses, radio-based devices, and chronometers among others. Global Positioning System consists of 24 satellites, 21 of which are active while three (3) are spares and are located at an altitude of 10600 miles above the surface of the earth (El-Rabbany, 2002). GPS receivers on the ground is fitted with computers that are capable of triangulating its own sense after obtaining bearings from the other three (4) of the four (4) GPS satellites located in the same horizon. GPS segments are categorize d into three distinct segments that include space segment, control segment, and user segment. Global Positioning systems perform an array of functions on land, in air, or at sea. There are specific features that make GPS systems be attractive. These includes the ability to provide high positioning accuracies, the capability to determine accurate time and velocity accuracies, readily available signals in any part of the world, the free services at no charge, and all all-weather service delivery system (Andrews, Weill, and Grewal, 2007). Despite the above advantages, a number of challenges that still impede the transmission of signals still exist within the limits of GPS technologies. Majority of these challenges includes errors such as inaccuracies associated with the reported location of satellites (orbital errors), receiver clock errors, signal multipath, and number of visible satellites, which can affect position reading or impede signal reception. Global Positioning System Irrespective of time, location, and whether, Global Position System provides unparalleled range of services to commercial military and consumer applications. Majority of these services enables airborne, land, and sea users to know their exact velocity, location, and time whenever and wherever on Earth. The development and capabilities of the GPS technology have rendered obsolete and impractical, other traditional positioning and well-known navigation systems and technologies such as magnetic compasses, radio-based devices, and chronometers among others. Twenty-four (24) GPS satellites are strategically located 10, 600 miles from Earth and they are in circular orbits with each other (El-Rabbany, 2002). The orbital period is 12 hours, and satellites are distributed in six orbital planes with equally spaced angles. Out of the 24 GPS satellites, twenty-one (21) are active while three (3) are spaces. The GPS satellites are spaced in such a manner that four (4) GPS satellites will always b e beyond the horizon. In terms of structure and composition, each GPS satellite is equipped with an atomic clock, a computer, and a radio. Each radio understands its own clock and orbit thereby enabling it to broadcast continuously any changes in time and position. For instance, any minor corrections are made on each day after each GPS satellite verifies its own sense of position and time with other stations located on the ground. GPS receivers on the ground are fitted with computers that are capable of triangulating its own sense after obtaining bearings from the other three (4) of the four (4) GPS satellites located in the same horizon (El-Rabbany, 2002). The display screen on GPS receivers shows a map whereby the position of the object can be drawn from the map. Identification of geographic positions and altitude becomes possible if signals from the fourth satellite are receivable. Interestingly, the receivers are capable of calculating direction and speed during movements, and this capability enables navigators to estimate the arrival times to specified locations. Readings in most receivers are obtained in the form of geographic positions, that is, latitude and longitude. Finally, advanced and specialized GPS receivers can be programmed to store vital data that are usable in map making and as well important for Geographic Information Systems. Project Objectives This report limits itself to the discussion of the Global Positioning Systems, their structure, operations, and usefulness in different sectors and applications across the globe. This report aims to fulfill the following objectives: Explain what is meant by Global Position Systems and other GPS terminologies and as well shed some light on its history Discuss the structure and operations of GPS system Explain the different structures of GPS segments Outline the primary functions of GPS systems and technologies Examine the accuracy of GPS information and if possible, identify sources of errors that can affect the accuracy of GPS information Identify the primary users of GPS applications and other necessary conditions that should be fulfilled when purchasing GPS systems Identify other competitor versions of GPS systems Global Positioning Systems and their History Global Positioning Systems (GPS) refers to satellite-based radio-positioning systems and time-transfer systems that provide three-dimensional course, position, and time information to suitably equipped users. The radios sends, receives, and provides time and location information at any time, place, and weather provided the GPS radios are not obstructed from the four other orbital satellites. Other valuable information displayed by GPS technologies includes velocity and altitude. The U.S. Department of Defense designs, finances, and operates GPS systems while the USA owns the GPS technology. Other than the unparalleled advantages offered to the military, GPS systems have proven to be of fundamental benefits to the civilian community whereby GPS applications are used in rapidly expanding sets of applications. The Global Positioning System consists of 24 satellites that are in circular orbits around the Earth with the orbital period of approximately 12 hours (Kaplan, 1996). The satellit es are distributed across six orbital planes that are equally spaced in angles. Each Global Positioning Satellite is built with an atomic clock, a computer, and a radio The history of GPS systems can be traced to 1973 when the United States Department of Defense began to develop a 24-hour, all-weather global positioning system to provide support for the positioning requirements of US armed forces. The GPS was formerly referred to as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging). Ideally, the GPS system was designed as a form of replacement to already large navigational system that was already in use, and as well, the need to obtain reliability and survivability for navigation systems in handling a wide variety of dynamics (Kaplan, 1996; Parkinson, and Spilker 1996). Other motives that initiated the development of GPS Technology included the need for a system to service unlimited users, and a system that does not require the transmission of signals from users to satellites. Eventually, it led to the design of a system that surpassed the intended concepts such that a one-way system was developed to transmit signals with no receiving functions. This function was essential in that enemies could not detect signals being relayed within the confines of the military. Additionally, the developed system used microwave transmission technology, was equipped with the latest atomic clocks, could transmit signals regardless of the prevailing weather conditions, and provided accurate navigation and positioning details (Parkinson, and Spilker 1996). Due to the relatively cheap cost and inexpensive equipment, the GPS technology was availed freely to the civilian population. Structure and operations of the GPS As earlier mentioned, the Global Positioning System consists of 24 satellites, 21 of which are active while three (3) are spares and are located at an altitude of 10600 miles above the surface of the earth (El-Rabbany, 2002). The satellites are strategically arranged in orbits such that at any time of the day, at least four satellites are visible above the earth’s horizon. The receivers on the ground detect their positions in reference to the GPS satellites. The primary navigation principle is obtained based on the measurement of pseudoranges between the four satellites and the user (Seeber, 2003). Equally, the stations located on the ground provide precise monitoring of the orbit at every level of the satellite and measures the travel time signals transmitted between the four satellites and the receiver. In turn, the accurate direction, location, and speed is the measure. Structures of GPS Segments GPS segments are categorized into three distinct segments that include control segment, user segment, and space segment. The space segment contains at least 24 GPS satellites that follow a specific pattern when orbiting the earth (Seeber, 2003). The satellites travel at an approximate speed of 7,000 miles per hour, and the satellites are spaced such that at least four GPS satellites can send signals to a GPS receiver located anywhere on earth. From each GPS receiver, coded radio signals are sent to earth and each signal contains particular information. The information includes the particular satellite sending the information, the exact position of the satellite, date and time the signal was sent, and whether the satellite was performing properly. Satellites use solar energy, but they are also powered by backup batteries in the absence of solar energy (Seeber, 2003). Majority of the satellites have been built to last for approximately 10 years after which they are replaced. Monitoring , control, and replacement of space satellites and GPS technology is done by the US Department of Defense. The control segment entails constant monitoring of the health of satellites, the orbital configuration, and intensity of signals. The control segment is further subdivided into ground antennas, monitor stations, and master control station. There are at least six unmanned monitor stations all over the earth, each station is in constantly receiving, and monitoring information from GPS satellites and at the same time relays the clock and orbital information to master control stations (MCS). Similarly, Master Control Stations make precise corrections of orbital and clock information received from monitor stations. It sends the corrected information to ground antennas (Seeber, 2003). Last, the Ground Antennas are responsible for receiving corrected clock and orbital information from the Master Control Station and in turn, relays the corrected information to appropriate satellites. Finally, the user segment of the GPS systems is made up of GPS receivers, which are responsible for collecting and processing signals received from GPS satellites that are in the range. It then uses the collected information to find and display the location, time, speed, and altitude of the receiver (Seeber, 2003). No information is transmitted from the receiver to the satellites. Primary Functions of Global Positioning Systems Global Positioning systems perform an array of functions on land, in air, or at sea. There are specific features that make GPS systems be attractive. These includes the ability to provide high positioning accuracies, the capability to determine accurate time and velocity accuracies, readily available signals in any part of the world, the free services at no charge, and all all-weather service delivery system (Andrews, Weill, and Grewal, 2007). Above all, GPS technologies provide accurate position information in three dimensions (vertical and horizontal information). Currently, it is estimated that the number of civilian users exceeds the number of military users. In light of these characteristics, the global sectors are exceedingly utilizing the services of GPS technologies. GPS systems were initially designed for military purposes and they have remained significant in facilitating military operations. Military ships, aircraft, tanks, and equipment use GPS technology for navigation purposes, provision of close air support, improving weapon technology, and determining target destination. In agriculture, GPS technologies are used in precision farming to monitor the process of applying fertilizer and pesticides in addition to proving accurate location information that enable farmers to plow, map fields, harvest, and identify potential disease areas or weed infestation. In the aviation industry, aircraft and airplane pilots utilize GPS technology to identify en route navigation and airport approaches. Additionally, the accurate location of aircraft can be identified from any place on or near the earth’s surface through the help of Satellite navigation (Andrews, Weill, and Grewal, 2007). In environmental management, GPS technology has been utilized in surveying disaster prone areas, and as well in mapping the movement of environmental phenomena such as hurricanes or forest fires. Interestingly, GPS technology can also be used in the identification of locations that have been altered or submerged by natural disasters. Another area that utilizes GPS technology is Ground transportation. GPS technologies are used in vehicle tracking systems, in-vehicle navigation systems, and in automatic vehicle location systems. Majority of these systems shows the location of vehicles on an electronic sheet map thereby enabling drivers to track their exact locations and as well, get an overview of other destinations. Other systems are designed to automatically design a route and provide turn-by-turn directions to provide guidance to drivers. Furthermore, GPS technologies facilitates the process of monitoring and planning routes for emergency vehicles and delivery vans. Rail transport systems also use GPS technologies to estimate precise locations of trains, manage the flow of traffic, prevent collision of trains, and in the estimation of time, speed, and distance covered by trains (Andrews, Weill, and Grewal, 2007). In marine systems, GPS technologies assist in marine navigation, surveying underwater, routing traff ic, locating navigational hazards, and marine mapping. Moreover, commercial fishing fleets use GPS technology to identify and navigate to areas with optimum fishing opportunities and as well to track the migration of fishes. GPS technologies are also used for public safety such as locating emergency areas, and in recreation for finding bearings, estimating distance, time, and in returning to the original locations. Space science also utilizes GPS technologies to track and control the behavior and motions of satellites in orbit. Space shuttles and future rockets also depend on GPS technologies. Finally yet important, field of surveying heavily utilizes GPS technologies in both complex and basic tasks such as development of urban infrastructures and defining property lines respectively. Furthermore, mapping roads, rail systems, and surveying land maps is possible with the utilization of GPS technologies. Accuracy of Global Position Systems The accuracy of GPS systems depends with the precision of signals that emanate from GPS satellites to GPS receivers. Additionally, the number of obstacles that can obscure your receiver from the GPS systems are critical in the determining the precision and accuracy of information obtained from GPS systems. The types of receivers also play a significant role in the determination of GPS accuracy. Majority of GPS receivers have an accuracy range of +/- 10m. Other accurate forms of GPS receivers include Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS). The accuracy of most GPS systems is affected by errors. Common sources of errors to GPS systems include inaccuracies associated with the reported location of satellites (orbital errors), receiver clock errors, signal multipath that makes GPS signals bounce off objects, and number of visible satellites, which can affect position reading or impede signal reception (Tsui, 2005). Satellite Shading also affects the accuracy of the information. For instance, the ideal satellite geometry is achieved when satellites are widely located at angles that are relative to one another. Ideal Characteristics of Global Positioning Systems In order to obtain accurate information from Global Positioning Systems, specific factors should be put into consideration during the acquisition of GPS tools. First, the GPS tool should be durable to ensure that it is capable of withstanding rigors work and continued usage. Second, the ability of the GPS tool to obtain and maintain the most reliable signal strength despite the existence of obstructions such as the location, changing weather conditions, and the sensitivity of the receiver (Tsui, 2005). Third, GPS components consume a lot of power and therefore, battery life is a critical factor to consider during the acquisition of GPS equipment. Other noteworthy features include the portability ranges, cellular signal reliability, the length of acquiring GPS signals from satellites, configuration complexities, and ease of use among others. GPS Competitors The closest competitor of GPS technology is the Wide Are Augmentation System (WAAS) that consists of satellites and ground stations capable of providing accurate positioning. The WAAS technology was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). A good example of WAAS is the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS). The WAAS program was specifically developed to assist pilots is determining direct en route paths, identifying precision approach services to runways, and to ensure maximum capacity and safety improvements in all weather conditions (Tsui, 2005). WAAS users are required to have WAAS-capable receivers to enable them obtain signals in areas covered by WAAS satellites. Results and Conclusions The analysis and discussion of Global Positioning System concepts has revealed that GPS technology is a force in the force. Perhaps the system designers had different intentions when developing and designing GPS technologies but these applications have added to the versatility of usage of GPS not only as a system for estimating the precise positioning of objects but also in the provision of accurate and reliable navigation information. Irrespective of time, location, and whether, Global Position System provides unparalleled range of services to commercial military and consumer applications. Majority of these services enables airborne, land, and sea users to know their exact velocity, location, and time whenever and wherever on Earth. Indeed, the GPS technology supports numerous positioning and navigation applications that satisfy a multitude of user needs. At this moment, the widespread usage of GPS applications in different sectors of the economy makes it exceedingly difficult to th ink of a life without Global Positioning Systems. It is evident that creating a complex system such as the GPS technology is not an easy task and this can be proven from the few competitors of GPS technology. GPS technologies and systems are used in different sectors of society. This includes road and rail transportation, marine navigation, agriculture, the airline industry, space science, recreation, military, and in the provision of public safety among others. Information and signals relayed by GPS systems are safe and reliable thereby making GPS technology the ideal navigation and positioning equipment. The evaluation and analysis of the structure, operation, and application of GPS systems have shown that maintaining the GPS technology is a complex activity given the nature of the GPS technologies. Notwithstanding these complexities, GPS services are maintained and offered free of charge thereby making it available for an unlimited number of users and applications. Global Positioning Systems have a potential future judging from the current technological advancements. Virtually, every communication and navigation device is manufactured or fitted with a GPS receiver. From basic consumer electronic products such as mobile phones to complex navigation and military tools such as ships, aircrafts, and weapons, are both built with GPS technologies (Tsui, 2005). Importantly, the Global Positioning System is also advancing at an increasing rate and therefore, more is still to be expected with regard to the future of GPS tools and applications. Despite the above advantages, a number of challenges that still impede the transmission of signals still exist within the limits of GPS technologies. Majority of these challenges includes errors such as inaccuracies associated with the reported location of satellites (orbital errors), receiver clock errors, signal multipath, and number of visible satellites, which can affect position reading or impede signal reception. These errors have an effect of affecting the signal strength and in turn, leading to inaccurate positioning and navigation information. Nonetheless, these challenges can be avoided by ensuring that GPS receivers and equipment are evaluated to test their reliability. Factors that must be considered during the evaluation of GPS systems include durability, the capability to obtain and maintain the most reliable signal strength, and power consumption (Tsui, 2005). As such, a number of procedures can be followed in evaluating GPS tools and equipment. These includes conducti ng an evaluation and testing exercise to ascertain the ideal characteristics, identifying the credibility of vendors, examining the legal considerations, and lastly, identifying ways of overcoming the challenges. Overall, there is potential in GPS technology provided corrective measures be taken and as well, there is the need to conduct immense research and innovation in GPS technology to ensure its sustainability. References Andrews, A., P., Weill, L. R., and Grewal, S. G. (2007). Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration. John Wiley Sons El-Rabbany, A. (2002). Introduction to GPS: the Global Positioning System. Artech House Kaplan, E. D. ed. (1996). Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications. Boston: Artech House Publishers. Parkinson, B. W., and Spilker. J. J. eds. (1996). Global Positioning System: Theory and Practice. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. Seeber, G. (2003). Satellite Geodesy (2nd Edition). Walter de Gruyter Inc. Tsui, B. J. (2005). Fundamentals of Global Positioning System receivers: A software Approach. John Wiley and Sons