Barriers to Prostate Cancer Screening

Barriers to Prostate crabmeat ScreeningProstate crabmeat A Mans DilemmaAfzal HussainProstate pubic lo practise is the most familiar malignant neoplastic unsoundness in Canadian men. In 2013, the Canadian pubic louse purchase order estimated that 23,600 men leave alone be diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease a further 3,900 aloneow operate from the disease in Canada (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The prostatic is part of the mannish reproductive system it surrounds the urethra (tube that carries urine and semen through the penis). Prostate Cancer Canada (2014) states, Prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a disease where some prostatic gland gland cells arrest lost normal control of growth and division. They no longer juncture as wellnessy cells (Prostate Cancer Canada).Potential barriers to binding includes sociostinting status, escape of health cargon, culture, and false experiences of medical interventions. These barriers and other misunderstandin gs of the causes of prostate genus Cancer belt up the process for early cover version further delaying early diagnosis and treatment. This paper explores socio sparing status, race, upkeep, and informal function as perceived barriers to prostate showing it too identifies strategies that gain ground successful cover and eventual recovery. Canadian Cancer Society in their statistical comprehend of 2013 reports, Prostate crabmeat is seldom constitute in men younger than 50, most of the deaths associated with prostate cancer atomic number 18 found in men older than 75 years. Canadian males argon more app bent to develop prostate cancer, with 1 in 7 males expected to be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their looktime. On average, 65 Canadian men reply be diagnosed with prostate cancer every day. On average, 11 Canadian men willing die of prostate cancer every day. (CCS)Socio scotch StatusBetter excerpt is a sortimony to the advances in research and treatment, but improving extract and step-down prostate cancer diagnosis is more resourceful to a go bad quality of life history. Treatments and technological advancements in diagnosis and medications have change natural selection rates in cancer tremendously. Despite the overall cash advance in survivorship in prostate cancer forbearings, socioeconomic inequalities in survival of prostate cancer patients remains a constant challenge in healthcare. Most men diagnoses with prostate cancer are at uplifted gamble, mainly because of their low socioeconomic status, unemployment, drop of education and inability to concede health care services. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, Care without Coverage in two case Little, Too late states that, People without health insurance often go without appropriate care. For example, the unin undisputabled more often go without cancer wake tests, delaying diagnosis and leading to premature death. (Institute of Medicine IOM, 2002)In Canada, a collapse of the population lives on social assistance and can non afford quality health care services, these disadvantaged bulk faces more health challenges and are at high risk for health issues. Residents faced with these challenges find it harder to have prostate cancer screenings despite doing their best to facilitate socioeconomic changes in their life. Fortunately, in Canada, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) provide prostate screening to low income citizens who cannot afford the screening. ane much(prenominal) organization in Calgary, Prostate Cancer Centre has been a standard of excellence in this service to the community.However, in Alberta, Quebec, and British Columbia, prostate screenings is not medically covered by provincial health plans. Therefore, men persuing screening will have to pay out of his pocket or will incur charges through his health plan. Crawford (2010) in her online news article states, The prostate specific antigen test has been used as a wides pread screening beam of light since the mid-1990s, but has been dogged by controversy. While seven provinces pay any man to get tested, B.C., Alberta and Quebec do not, unless there are risk factors such(prenominal) as a family history of the disease (Crawford, 2010). This clearly shows the partial distribution in persuing health care services within Canada. Jamuir, Robinson Shavers (2008) found that, Underinsurance is of situation concern for racial/ pagan minorities, who are more likely than others to report having difficulties paying medical bills despite having medical insurance reporting16 and it whitethorn total to the lower rates of cancer screening observed for these groups.(p. 843).Patients having the privilege of an blanket(a) private insurance coverage feel a sense of economic security. The real question is what is the case with the ordinary person without any coverage? Someone with a stripped-down wage and/or without coverage may feel the pangs of hopelessness, neglect, and long-term suffering.This disadvantage stems from differences in the receipt of treatment and inlet to high-quality healthcare treatment presented with low economic status. Furthermore, considering the imbalance between economic classes in regards to access to prostate screening, it is viable to suggest a train playing field where screening should be available to all men, despite their income status or health care coverage especially considering the Canadian Cancer Society reports on new instances of the disease annually. Also reducing the cost/payments for screening will be a substantive coiffe headway for uninsured patients, because patients can express great satisfaction of having the screening through despite having a low-income status. Another of the essence(predicate) strategy is to make sure that an all-accessible approach towards this screening, where men can afford the screening despite not having enough income or insurance coverage, in doing so having th e satisfaction of economic security.RaceIn their research titled Racial/ social Disparities in Survival among custody Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer White, Coker, Du, Eggleston Williams (2011) found that, Racial/ethnic disparities in prostate cancer survival have in any case been enter in the literature, and can be attributed to differences in socioeconomic status (p. 1080). In Canada, race is also a key risk factor for prostate cancer it is prevalent in people of ( downhearted African or Black Caribbean assembly line) who are at increase risk compared to white Canadians due to their transmittable disposition, family history of prostate cancer, or age. Brooks (2013) states, Black men are 60% more likely than white men to be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime, and is more than twice as likely to die from the disease. (Brooks, 2013). Furthermore, in any event ethnicity and age, numerous other factors contribute to prostate cancer.Canadian blacks are also highe r risk due to the prevalence of comorbidities and heavy smoking or alcohol intake. These risk factors are common in Caribbean culture where people tend to take their health and lifestyle habits less seriously compared to northwesterly American culture. Despite the largest repairment in medication and technology Blacks remains a high risk of prostate cancer and is twice, more likely to be abnormal and die from the disease compared to whites. Having support groups plays a world-shaking role in times of stress, especially when faced with a disease like prostate cancer. Establishing family networks and religious beliefs will offer a watertight support base, especially when the patient is making health-related decisions that will establish his futurity life. Oster, Hedestig, Johansson, Klingstedt Lindh (2012) states, Conversational group support can help men to transact that it is normal to experience mixed emotions including sadness, anger, or despair over losses caused by th e disease, and such interventions have shown improvements in anxiety, depression, mens abilities to roll in the hay with the situation, and their quality of life. (p.332) cultism. Many patients are afraid of prostate cancer screenings. With the increased amount of prostate cancer, patients diagnosed each year countless men are still avoiding screening tests because it makes them uncomfortable with the results. This emotional and defensive action stems from the lack of independent knowledge patients have about(predicate) the screening and the cancer itself. Presenting fear towards prostate screening changes the overall attitude towards treatment. This fear could provide a negative response to treatment. By expressing elevated levels of fear, a patient will be denied access to treatment and further delayed interventions, which may originate into an advanced stage of the cancer.Furthermore, a patient presenting minimal levels of fear will be motivated to peruse screening, leading to an eventual diagnosis. Male patients are also hesitant to take screenings for prostate cancer due to more misconceptions, many believe the cause of their disease is due to versed promiscuousness or knowledgeable orientation, innerly transmitted diseases (STD) and unhealthy lifestyle attributed to alcohol and smoking. Consedine, Adjei, Ramirez McKiernan (2008) found in their research, The high incidence and mortality rates for prostate cancer among African American and other men of African descent may be expected to be reflected in elevated anxieties touch prostate cancer and the associated screening in these men. African Americans report greater fear of prostate cancer and screening, particularly for the Digital Rectal enquiry (DRE). When applying these findings to advance shield practitioners practices, it can be said that men in the high-risk groups must first be educated on the risks of prostate cancer (p. 1631).In preparing a patient for prostate screening, it is wise for the nurse to engage in careful planning and use best nurse practice while encouraging the patient to participate in screening and so eradicating some of his fear. Education on the risk of prostate cancer should be distributed among high-risk group. Patients in this group need to understand the implications of non-screening. One good nursing approach is the application of change talk, an all important(predicate) concept of motivational interviewing the nurse will carefully implement unfluctuating concepts on why the patient should be screened, carefully supported with operose evidence of the clinical benefits. Apodaca, Magill, Longabaugh, Jackson Monti (2013) state, more change talk predicted better topics, whereas more sustain talk predicted poorer outcomes (P.35). Another important strategy to improve accordance to screening is through programs/ advertisements, which opens awareness of prostate cancer about the general male public over 50 years of age. fit media coverag e will enhance the importance of the disease, the causative agents, and the importance of screening for a wider public.It will also help patients to self-reflect on their lifestyle and make progression towards health interventions. Himelboim, and Han (2014), in their research on Community structure and Information Sources in Breast and Prostate Cancer Social Networks found that, the past decade has witnessed a phenomenal growth in the use of the Internetespecially social mediain health care and management. From the substance abuser side, this means more opportunities to connect with others, obtain needed health training from available sources, and potentially benefit from that training (p. 211)intimate Function. Prostate cancer will have an effect on the sex life of many prostate cancer patients. Most men affected by prostate cancer will develop erectile dysfunction after diagnosis. Men will also lose interest in sex and will have difficulty maintaining an erectile penis or perf orming perceptive sex. Beck, Robinson, Carlson (2013) found in their research that, familiar dysfunction is the most satisfying long lasting effect of prostate cancer (PrCa) treatment, despite the many medical treatments for erectile dysfunction, many couples report that they are dissatisfied with their sexual relationship and eventually cease sexual relations altogether. (p. 1637). Because one of the risk factors of prostate cancer is age, it is important to point out that many patients because of impotence may have already contacted symptoms of erectile dysfunction prior to maturation prostate cancer.Treatment also plays an important role in the outcome of sexual functioning in patients, if patients are tolerable and react to the meet treatment regimen, the likelihood of sexual dysfunction will be minimized, and sexual urge will remain normal and intact. The stage of cancer also identifies the outcome of sexual functioning and the ability to deal with sensual life post su rgery. Early screening can help a patient to identify possible malignant cancerous cells it also can be steadying in managing impotency. Sex after diagnosis can be dreadful for various partners, especially when sexual desires may be minimal or much minimizeed. It may also dampen any chances for early families wanting to have kids in the distant future. A patient with impotence may consider sexual counselling by a sexologist to diminish any fears of sex. Chung Brock (2013) in their research states, Sexual function remains an important issue in many men, who often continue to be concerned in sex after prostate cancer treatment. It has been shown that the impact of sexual dysfunction is greater than the impact of urinary incontinence and over 70% of men felt their quality of life was adversely affected spare-time activity cancer diagnosis and treatment (p. 103). Participation in prostate cancer support groups helps patients to better be educated on sexual life after prostate canc er, just as support groups are helpful to eradicate the fear on early screenings, these groups will prepare patients on the trials of sexual intimacy after recovery, also providing coping mechanism for sexual dysfunction. Another strategy to cast away fears of sexual dysfunction is to promote sexual preferences amongst partners, which may bring a sense of satisfaction to both partners. ConclusionProstate cancer patients continue to suffer from many dilemmas. Patients are continually faced with barriers to cancer care, which impede screening and treatment. Socioeconomic status, race, fear, and sexual function are all contributory factors in a patient dilemma when intrigued with tribulation of prostate cancer. Despite all the technological advancements, prostate cancer remains high in Black African or Black Caribbean descent compared to white males in Canada. Decision-making process when considering prostate cancer screening is influenced greatly by socioeconomic status, race, fear, a nd sexual dysfunction. These beliefs often result in a lower rate of compliance of prostate screenings. By establishing strategies to promote care for patients, the said barriers can be eradicated making treatment and recovery possible. Support groups, non-governmental organizations, media, and better insurance coverage for low-income families can all be used to effectively promote successful prostate screenings thus eradicating social inequality, racial and sexual barriers and increasing compliance through educating prostate patients ways to address these barriers. Effective strategies will help to decrease unwholesomeness and mortality of prostate cancer in Canada.ReferencesApodaca, T. R., Magill, M., Longabaugh, R., Jackson, K. M., Monti, P. M. (2013). Effect of a significant other on client change talk in motivational interviewing. 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